Gender Inequality And Gender Double Standards - 1777 Words

Labels are inflicted on both males and females when they are not suiting the culturally molded gender roles. Double standards concepts that are considered passable employed by one group of people but are deemed inadmissible by when employed by another group. We all know that there is innumerable gender double standards that exist it is an issue that everyone has faced or had to deal with being male or female. In society it is often to see that one set of standards does not pertain to or viewed the same way for women as it does to men inversely. Double standards are a way of exuding unfairness but almost making it justifiable by labeling it. There are many different aspects that allow gendered stereotypes. These double standards†¦show more content†¦Gender stereotypes for women in the military lead to obstacles for, which can negatively impact her career in the service. The number of women who join the Marines has increased tremendously despite the disparities that they stil l face. The Marine Corps is viewed as the toughest branch of the military but women still enter in to this branch. Women performance is always compared to being incompetent when in reality they are able to perform just as well as men but stereotypes always foreshadow this view. The author includes â€Å"Women perform superbly, but gender stereotypes persist and highlight contradictions between policy and reality† (Archer, 2013). Gender double standards have tarnished the performances of female soldiers and can undermine them. Double standards cause issues such as thinking that women are incapable and incompetent and should be protected. Many of the male soldiers in the Marines felt as if it is their duty to protect and help the female soldiers as if they aren’t able to protect themselves. Men are able to protect themselves simply because they are men being a women they are enable to be the protector but viewed as nurtures. Women are stereotyped as nurtures and the peacemakers. Women were sent as â€Å"female engagement teams† to bond with the Afghani in attempts to gain the trust of Afghan women like pawns. In society today it is common to see the women used and portrayedShow MoreRelatedEssay about Gender Inequality1428 Words   |  6 Pagesovercome the obstacle of gender inequality and evolved into a society of fairness and righteousness. As many know, females can be just as proficient and qualified as males at any task. Though some efforts to off-set this gender imbalance is in place, it is still commonly acknowledged that many careers are stated to be a male job such as lawyers, and female jobs such as secretaries. Gender inequality is a visible fact in our society and in this essay, I hypothesize that gender inequality still exists as aRead MoreWe Should All Be Feminists1084 Words   |  5 Pagescontain gender issues about sexuality, gender inequality and double standard, which show that the idea of feminists is still needed in present-day. Over time the gender issue has cause a grave injustice. This essay wills examines the conception of norms a bout double standard, gender inequality, and sexuality from Adichie life. It wills portrayal norms issues about gender to realize certain matter a long history that are not important anymore to bring a positive change. The double standard is a differentRead MoreGender Roles Of Society And The Bible Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesGender Roles in Society and the Bible Upon losing the election to become the 45th president of the United States, Hillary Clinton gave a concession speech and told â€Å"all the little girls who are watching this...never doubt that you are valuable and powerful and deserving of every chance and opportunity in the world to pursue and to achieve your own dreams† (Clinton). While Candidate Hillary Clinton said these girls are â€Å"deserving of every chance,† our society may prove otherwise. Although women todayRead MoreWhat Does Gender Inequality?1395 Words   |  6 PagesWhat fuels gender inequality? What are the reasons gender inequalities are still so high in today’s society? Gender inequality refers to the unequal treatment of an individual based on his/her gender. Gender is defined as the amount of characteristics and attributes distinguishing that person between, masculinity and femininity. Although gender is a part of our character, society has taken gender to an increased level of discriminati on. Gender inequality sets social difference between male and femaleRead MoreGender Inequality1640 Words   |  7 Pages Society today often only addresses one side of the gender inequality issue: the grievances of women. Feminists have fought against the ingrained tradition of women as housewives with no rights and being looked down upon as the lesser sex. The women’s rights movement in the United States has worked tirelessly since 1848 to fight for rights and break down gender barriers. Misogyny and gender constructs, such as the ideal of beauty, hold women back in various aspects of their lives as discussed inRead MoreGender Is An Institutionalized System Of Social Practices Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pages Gender is more than just a trait of individuals. It is an institutionalized system of social practices for constituting males and females as different in socially significant ways and organizing inequality in terms of those differences. Widely shared gender stereotypes are in effect the â€Å"genetic code† of the gender system, since they constitute the cultural rules by which people perceive and enact gender differences and inequality. (Ridgeway, 2001) Gender is deeply entwined with socialRead MoreFeminism : A Social Movement854 Words   |  4 PagesWhat has come out of Feminism tends to be positive, it is because of Feminism that women can own their own land, are seen as people and not their husband’s possessions, and women can now vote. The Feminist movement is very prominent in challenging inequality between men and women and challenging the unrealistic expectations and exploitations of women in the media. Feminists theorize that pornography is one of the sole features in the increased sexual violence against women. This theory as based on aRead MoreAnalysis Of Jamieson s The Double Bind And A Bitch 833 Words   |  4 PagesJamieson (1995) Beyond the Double Bind, Double Bind Number Four: Femininity/Competence The sixth chapter in Jamieson’s (1995) book Beyond the Double Bind works strictly with the bind of femininity and competence. This is the bind where women have to balance a fine line between feminine and masculine without tipping the scale. If a candidate shows too much femininity, she risks losing brains, and authority. On the other hand, if a candidate is not feminine enough, she becomes too masculine, strongRead MoreThe Social Issue Of Gender Inequality1939 Words   |  8 PagesSocial Issue of Gender Inequality between Men and Women Nakia Bell University of South Alabama Abstract In this paper, I will be discussing the social issue of gender inequality between men and women. Gender inequality is a problem that is widely recognized and affects men and women alike. Gender inequality affects employment, earnings, how individuals are viewed, etc. This issue is one that needs to be resolved so women, and men, can make progress toward a gender-neutral societyRead MoreThe Feminization Of Love, By Francesca M. Cancian Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pagesemotions, accepted strong feelings, and remained pure. In contrast, men started to be considered sexualized creatures that were expected to be emotionally reserved. Today there is a sexual double standard that puts pressure on women to engage in less sexual activity than men and puts pressure on men to maintain a standard of masculinity, just like in the 19th century. Below we will not only explore the â€Å"feminization of love† as discussed in class, but also expand on how it has made an impact on sexual

The Nazi Regime Of Adolf Hitler At Auschwitz Birkenau...

1.1 million. That is the number of people exterminated by the Nazi regime of Adolph Hitler at Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp between 1940-45. (Auschwitz-Birkenau museum online) The raw number itself absolutely staggering, too large for any human being to wrap their minds around. It is a large enough number to inspire skepticism, disbelief, and outrage. To this day, decades after the fact, there are still those who deny that any of it ever happened because the numbers are just too big. It is better to think of this tragedy in more personal terms: as in 1.1 million families physically ripped apart, 1.1 million dreams snuffed out, and untold numbers of survivors left scared forever. Human faces need to be attached to the raw numbers, or else the numbers become a point of data, something which can be spun to serve up moral or political advantage in today s society. We must remember what happened in Auschwitz-Birkenau, and the other Nazi concentration camps. All of humanity must remember o r we are surely doomed to one-day repeat this dark chapter in our history. The history of the Jewish people is littered with tales of religious based violence, state organized pogroms, and forced evictions. American jewish parents have taken the old rhyme: Columbus sailed the Ocean Blue in 1492, and added the words and the Jews were kicked out too! in order to memorialize the Jews exile from Spain during the Catholic Church s Inquisition. Jews were accused of all manner of crimes, bothShow MoreRelatedThe Horrors Of The Holocaust1605 Words   |  7 Pagesoutrageous but disrespectful to those who lost their lives during the gruesome time. History states that the Holocaust was a period in time where a very fascist dictator, Adolf Hitler, killed over six million European Jews who did not fit the criteria of genetically having blonde hair and blue eye or simply mentally ill. Hitler had various strategic ways of murdering a large group of civilians at a time, such as gas chambers. These gas chambers were large rooms that would deposit gases such as carbonRead M oreThe Effects Of Jews On Jewish Population During The Nazi Regime1119 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant topic is being researched, and it concerns the Final Solution of the Nazis concerning the Jews. On January 20th 1942, 15 leading officials of the Nazi state met at a villa in Wannsee, a suburb of Berlin, to discuss the â€Å"Final solution of the Jewish Question† (â€Å"The Final Solution,† 2015). They used the term â€Å"Final Solution† to refer to their plan to annihilate the Jewish people. It is not known when the leaders of Nazi Germany definitively decided to implement their plan to eradicate the Jews†Read MoreThe Holocaust : A Large Scale, State Sponsored, Systematic Murder Of Innocent Jews1327 Words   |  6 Pagespeople â€Å"The Final Solution†. Nearly six million out of the nine million European Jews were murdered in total. This means that two-thirds of the European Jewish population was wiped out in less than 10 years. Although Jews wer e the main target of the Nazi regime, others were viewed as inferior as well. These peoples included, Gypsies, Communists, Socialists, Jehovah s Witnesses, some Slavic peoples, and homosexuals. Today, we know that although the Germans did not succeed in their plan to annihilate theRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1177 Words   |  5 Pagesthe technology that was used in that time. What we knew before was that the Holocaust resulted in the death of six million jews, and was controlled by the Nazi Regime. Adolf Hitler was the dictator of Germany and came up with the Final Solution, a plan to exterminate all the people of Jewish faith or race during World War II. This then brought in the concept of concentration camps. Concentration camps did not just hold Jews captive, they also targeted other groups such as Gypsies, African-Germans, HomosexualsRead MorePersecution of Jews in Europe During World War 23558 Words   |  15 Pagesand tragic deaths of millions of Jews. The main cause of this uncalled for persecution was the fanatic anti-Semitism that took Germany, Russia and the greater part of Eastern Europe by storm due to Hitlers and Stalins relentless anti-Semitism propaganda. THE NAZI HOLOCAUST 1938 Ââ€" 1945 6 000 000 DEATHS Founder and leader of the Nazi Party, Reich Chancellor and guiding spirit of the Third Reich from 1933 to 1945, Head of State and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, Adolf Hitler was born inRead MoreThe Most Effective Resistance Against Nazis And The Holocaust?1719 Words   |  7 Pages2016 Which Countries or Groups Showed the Most Effective Resistance Against Nazis and the Holocaust? Many events in the world have been documented in our history books, but sometimes forgotten. However, the reminisce of events that took place during the Holocaust are the ones that are never forgotten. Neither should the groups and countries that showed resistance towards Hitler. Because of the antipathy towards Hitler s regime, resistance towards Nazi’s and the Holocaust was a combined effort from manyRead MoreEssay on The Holocaust1633 Words   |  7 Pagesonly the Jewish world, but other peoples as well. In 1933, the Nazi party began their reign in Germany, under the malevolent dictator Adolf Hitler; his role as â€Å"prime minister† of the county lead to the temporary suspension of civil rights for communists and Jews. The first concentration camp, known as â€Å"Dachau† was erected, which contained over two hundred communists, and all books that included ideas and concepts contrary to Nazi belief were burned. Jewish newspapers were not allowed to be soldRead MoreHitler and the Third Reich Essay2208 Words   |  9 Pagessix million Jews died at the hands of a despicable man; Adolf Hitler. While many perished in the extermination camps, malnutrition, disease, execution and medical experimentation were other methods of the Jews annihilation. In 1933, before WW II there were approximately nine million Jews living in Germany. By the end of WW II six million Jews had died. In this paper the researcher will attempt to give accurate accounts as to how Adolf Hitler came to power, why he killed innocent people, and whereRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust934 Words   |  4 Pages organized, frighten, vicious event that sponsored by Nazi Party throughout the Europe continent that approximately took away six million Jews’ life with assisted from Nazi Germany and its collaborators, the event also caused different extent of casualties to contemporary third party countries in the Europe simultaneously. The official beginning date of event started from January 1933 when Adolf Hitler first came to power in Germany with Nazi as his backup to openly addressed the conspiracy of JewsRead MoreThe Holocaust Of The Nazi Concentration And Death Camps939 Words   |  4 Pages Holocaust survivors give great insight to the realities of what the life was like within the gates of the Nazi concentration and death camps. Not to say that the research of historians, writers, and professors does not provide pivotal information to the study of the Holocaust; but th eir research provides secondary sources and accounts. Primary sources for historic moments allows a reader to get into the mind and psyche of the writer who is sharing his or hers experiences. The ability to become

International Construction Project International Frontier

Question: Describe about the International Construction Project for International Frontier. Answer: Introduction Cultural diversity is a vital chapter that needs to get manage in construction to get success in international frontier. There are several positive attributes that are involved to develop global business environment through administering the cultural diversity. Despite the huge enrolment of technologies, the construction industries still depend on engineers and their implications (Barthorpe et al 2000). Hence, to achieve project success, designers, engineers, clients, stakeholders, investors and many more need to arrange the technical know-how of the site preparation. Evolution has defined many signature aspects to human life, but few things will have continuous impact to ensure belief and perception for yearning the learned behaviour progression. The global business scenario is constantly evolving and it is essential to prerequisite the cultural differences to operate international business. Since culture has got tremendous potential to effect the affairs related to business activities, the organisation has to develop cultural concept to prevail freedom of mind in attempting global market -place. The collective programming of brain always get influence through parenting, community, profession, organisation, education and other relative attributes to feature the thought process for further connotation. The cultural relativism, is one of the profound subject where administering cultural differences is an imperative aspect to get project success. Definitely, culture is a prime principle that keeps churning thoughts and decisions to function, therefore, the organisation should have strategic alliances to ensure various construction dimension, such as internationalisation of contracting, nature of procurement, construction merger, and so on (Mahalingam et al 2005). An extension of the theoretical approach does define culture as the basic concept to live on, and that is social ly transmitted and acquired experiences of human to work on every step to find new avenue and that is why successfully operating out the cultural differences strengthen the organisational effectiveness. Moreover, there is a strong chances of competitive advantages as different potential minds hails to contribute the development of the project through enhancing the productivity of the organisation. In fact, to get the project completion in time, one has to understand the theories related to cultural differences, as managing various cultural perspective is an international topic that requires a lot of observation and experimentation to strengthen the international construction projects. The employees from different cultural backgrounds is necessary to get collective programming, according to the theory based on Hofstede. What we do or what we see, all depends on our cultural perspective affected by the surroundings, so cross- cultural management is surely an imperative knowledge manag ement process to arrange the project success (Jensen and Szulanski, 2004). Moreover, the success of the project is very crucial to measure the cultural differences over construction. Recent research has delivered a very profound vision that involved international differences in managing business culture. Thus, updated theories, identification of the crisis, practical guidance and critical challenges need strong decision- making policy to work on to explore range of professionals allotted to do one job. As it is already mentioned, there are several minds which are involved to contribute their best to achieve international construction development. Background and historical progression of construction project As the world has witnessed globalization, the international construction industry has shifted its focus on the facts related to the economic cooperation and exchange of technological aspects. The international construction projects has been observed to be one of the main activities in this context that has incorporated multinational respondents belonging from diverse economic, political, social and cultural backgrounds (Acworth and Thomas, 2014). The two major aspects that may create disorder in the construction industry are project procurement and on the other hand, construction disputes that have become notable issues that causes huge damages to the industry. It has been realized that the less developed or developing countries are being effective by the disputes in the international construction projects. Therefore, studies have been conducted in order to deliver effective solution in relation to the disputes, but other issues related to the cultural diversities have emerged in thi s context. Though, the issues related to the cultural aspect in the construction industry need to be elaborated, as it is not so frequent in the previous researches (Haritonova, 2014). Thus, the concept of the international construction projects can be delivered in terms of those construction projects in which the contractor and the lead consultant or the employees work in the same domain but, in other region or country. As the construction projects are complex and at the same time multidimensional, therefore, in order to improve the possibilities of resolving these issues emerged from the cultural diversities, many construction projects are being conducted through a joint venture by many international construction companies. In relation to depict the historical progression of the international construction industry it can be said that the history of the construction project on the global platform have manifested many advantages and disadvantages that can be detected through the intervention of many international construction companies (Holt, 2016). But, the progressions of the historical aspects in relation to the international construction projects have developed certain notable features in order to deliver effective outcomes in relation to the construction projects. On the other hand, the progression can be recorded in the context of the technological advancements and cultural diversity that have delivered notable and evident improvement to the international construction projects in the less developed and developing countries. Thus, it can also be realized that at the first place the historical progression of the construction projects seems less important, but if a closer analysis in the context of the historical progression of the international construction projects would be projected therefore, it can be realized that the issues have more depth as it is related to the technological aspects. With the intervention of the international construction companies the international projects in the developing countries have acquired great strength and effectiveness which has been observed to be missing earlier. Therefore, it has been recorded that the cultural diversities play a major role in generating issues that are related to impacts and effectiveness of the international construction projects. Understanding of practical and theoretical situation The business activities in the construction industry are mainly influenced by the practical experiments that take place in the context of the construction project at an international level. Thus, there are certain facts that need to be evaluated in order to deliver focus on the practical situations and the impact of the theories on the practices of the construction industry. At the first place, the aspects related to the dispute resolution mechanism in the construction industry can be described in order to deliver insight regarding the practical practices of the international construction organisations in the context of the international construction projects (Chan and Suen, 2005). The dispute resolution issues have arisen from the economic downturn that is able to shape the dispute resolution of the construction projects. Thus, the arbitration dispute resolution mechanism is the result of the impact of increased use of arbitration and non-arbitration in the construction industry and projects. On the other hand, the issues related to the dispute resolution can be resolved through negotiation which does not include a third party in the context of the resolution in the international construction industry (Chan et al. 2014). Apart from this another effective method in relation to reducing the negative impacts of resolution is arbitration. Thus, certain facts can be considered in relation to resolving dispute resolution like the association of the cultural and legal matters, effectiveness of the contractual matters, and so on (Gad et al. 2011). Apart from this, the communication methods can also be regarded as the practices that deliver practical implications in relation to the international construction project. Communication plays a significant role in the international construction industry as people tends to communicate with each other in accordance with the environment of the industry (Adriaanse and Voordijk, 2005). Thus, in relation to the practices and daily course of work of the construction industry communication has been realised as an invaluable aspect in the context of generating communication with other teammates of the project. Therefore, communication has been considered as a pivotal aspect, as the entire action in the construction industry depends mostly on the information that is transmitted and is efficiently being delivered in order to survive in the competitive market (Mesro and Mandi?k, 2016). Thus, mutual understanding in the contract is another fact that needs special attention so the works related to international construction projects can be delivered with facing any kind of issues. Previously it has been realised that contract in the construction industry happens to be less valuable than today. Thus, the contract has a significant role in the construction industry that is acting in the international platform as contractors or business partners from diverse background come under one roof to generate a construction project. The main reason of such contract is to avoid situations like stringent financial status, competition among contractors, technical and contractual complexities in relation to international construction projects. Therefore, these practical situations are able to deliver practical situations in this regard. Cultural differences affecting the projects success The term culture has been realised to have the potential to influences activities that are related to business and construction projects. Thus, the differences in culture or the cultural beliefs of the employees have become one of the matters of concern for the organisations acting in the international platform, especially for the construction industry (Graf, 2008). Therefore, it has been realised that the organisations have to consider the cultural aspects in the course of their daily work schedule in order to deliver its services successfully in the market to survive in the competition. (Honda et al. 2000) stated that the concept of the cultural differences in the construction industry, as it differs from other industries due to the ways in which the construction projects have been dealt with or due to the contracting, procurement and so on. Apart from this, due to the fact of a strategic alliance in the construction industry has been observed to instigate the cultural differences, as employees from different cultural background have to interact with each other in the context of the construction project. The term culture has been defined some socialist as what an individual thinks and what has been produced from this point of view. Thus, it can be studied that project success and cultural differences are deeply connected to each other and the cultural dissimilarities are able to exercise its impact on the project success in the construction industry. In order to obtain success in the context of construction project, there are some criteria that need to be fulfilled in the construction industry (Klimenko, 2014). Thus, in relation to the cultural differences project success includes client satisfaction and at the same time benefits that customers intend to acquire from these construction projects can be seen as the vital aspects. It has been realised from the previous researches (Lee et al. 2016) (Lckmann, 2015) that cultural diversity or differences greatly influences the business activities of the construction companies on a daily basis along with influencing the positive or negative impacts on different culture in the construction companies working nationally or globally. On the other hand, in the context of the joint venture in the construction industry instances can be delivered in terms of the initiative of British and Russian company that generated a joint venture in relation to the construction project and the results were very must effective that has proven that cultural differences of two partners can deliver huge success to the project (Lckmann, 2015). Besides, it has also been recorded that the cultural differences have delivered success to the projects that are mainly influenced by the ethnocentric perspectives of individuals from a different background working in the international construction organisations. Therefore, it can be said that cultural diversity or differences are able to deliver success in the context of international construction projects. Strategic operational decision-making in international collaborations In the context of the international construction industry, decision making in the context of international collaborations are significant in order to avoid contractual or legal complexities. Thus, strategic operational decision making often includes the analysis of the situations in which all the related aspects in the context of international contracting in the construction industry (Miller-McLemore, 2012). Through the strategic decision making in the operations of the construction industry, more profit can be gained along with complex situations in relation to any construction project. Thus through three case studies in the importance of the strategic operational decision making can be delivered in the course of this study. The case studies are dependent on a particular situation through which the importance of strategic operational decision making and would be related to the international construction projects. Case 1: the core team is the stakeholders who are authorized to take decisions in relation to any project, whether to accept or cancel it. On the other hand, the university personnel who act as the tenants in this regard often deliver suggestions in relation to construction projects. The property owner has employed several construction project professionals who are accountable for dealing with the project. As the professionals would be conducting the entire project through their own process, therefore, the team needs to introduce themselves with the tenants in order to understand each others role and take the right decision (Naaranoja, 2015). If the situation can be analysed it can be realised that strategic decision making in relation to the process of conducting the construction project is very much vital in relation to both the property owner and the tenant. Case 2: at the construction site, one of the key workers has acquired a long sick leave and the stakeholders get affected due to such action of the worker and the entire predetermined timetable was ruined. Thus, the project manager would analyse the situation and handled with efficiency and strategic decision-making in order to utilise the timetable without wasting it while they are looking for another worker for the construction site. Thus, from this situation, it can be realised that with the strategic decision making unexpected situations like this can be managed (Popescu et al. 2014). Case 3: in the third case it can be seen that the problems between two stakeholders arise due to the inadequacy of the opinions of the two stakeholders. The conflict arises due to the fact that whether the tenants produce any process through which the construction work would be conducted or the project team should generate the entire action in accordance with their own process. Thus, in this context, the need for the strategic operational decision can be identified (Snowden, 2005). Therefore, from the above three case studies, it can be realised that strategic decision making acquires a vital part in the context of the international construction projects. Strategic decision making has been considered as one of the most important factors in relation to acquiring success in the competitive environment in the context of the construction industry. Therefore, a strategic operational decision must be taken keeping the fact of client satisfaction in mind. Thus, through the above-mentioned case studies the importance of strategic decision has been delivered in this regard (Taylor, 2015). Relation between Culture and Construction: An organisation works keeping in mind several perspectives important to its success and achievements. Organisational culture is one of the important aspect taking places in the organisation. The importance of culture in the organisation is very high for its success. The culture also plays a vital role in the functioning of the organisation. Organizational culture helps an organisation to have complete hold over the functions and the improvements of the company. The construction companies have higher cultural values as they have a great deal of work with the clients and recognizing their cultural aspect is also a part of the functioning of the organization. Culture can change from time to time (Wu and Liu, 2015). The cultural development in an organization can change itself from the changing time keeping in mind the growth and development of the generation and the country. This also changes when the change in cultural improvement is noticed in the other competitive construction compan ies. The adoption of culture is deeply linked with the active participation in the progress of the construction companies. The construction companies give a deliberate response to the cultural aspect of any company. The cultural growth leads to construction growth of the company. The culture development in a construction industry influences the development of the constructional projects and events of the company (Serkan, et al. 2008). Any international projects are based on the cultural development of the client construction companies and the other construction companies in accomplishing a construction project. The cultural differences also put impact on the management sector of the construction companies. A good cultural aspect of the company leads to a strong management of the company. The manager remains aware of the cultures of his companies and can manage his employees to follow the culture of the company to develop the construction projects as well as help in the flourishing of the organization (Fellows, 2010). The adoption of developed cultures in an organisation increases competition among the construction companies. The culture of a company makes it work more efficiently and successfully. The construction projects will run effectively only if the employees and the workers of the companies work according to their culture. The competition followed by the cultural effectiveness of an organisation results in a healthy competition between two construction companies (Druker, 2012). Different construction companies have a different cultural aspect that keenly defines the development and success rate of the companies to be different from one another. The culture of the organisation helps the employee to learn the proper way of communicating, perceiving and working in the atmosphere of the company. The proper characteristics of the company displayed by the employee help in the development of the construction projects that are offered by the clients either overseas or nationally (Arendsz and Hudso n, 2010). The consideration of the culture in an organisation is a major aspect when there is a construction project held overseas. The construction is based on the various cultures of the companies. The culture of an organisation helps in the development of the innovative, productivity and financial aspects of the construction. This increases the development of the construction companies. Advantages of the Cultural Differences: The cultural differences in various organisations play a vital role in the development of every organisation based the variety of cultures followed by a variety of construction companies. The different cultures have various advantages in the construction companies. The innovation in the ideas of construction also increases by the idea of various cultural aspects in other construction companies. There are different advantages of the cultural difference in a construction organisation. The implementation of cultural differences helps an organisation to gain effectiveness and increase its competition in the market (Ho, 2015). The competitive advantage of the construction company improves by the idea of different aspects of culture in the company. The cultural differentiations can improve the costing segment, management segment, and the resources, and marketing aspects, productivity of the company and the improved flexibility of the company. The improvement of all these aspects of the company helps in the development of the company from all aspects of success. The advantages of cultural differences are: Knowledge-sharing: the cultural differences lead to the sharing of knowledge among the companies. The importance of the knowledge sharing helps the companies to increase their improvement knowledge about the productions and the improvements to be done in the cultural segment of the company (Mavropoulos, 2008). The cultural diversities help in the enrichment of the organisation with different other knowledge for the development of the organisation. Innovation: the cultural diversities of the organisations help in the improvement of the ideas related to innovations. The innovation of several processes in the production of the company helps in creating innovative ideas of quicker production and effective team working aspects of the organisations. The innovations derived from the cultural differences of the organisations results in acquiring knowledge about the various innovative techniques of the quick and satisfying productions to the clients (Yitmen, 2013). This plays a great role of influencing the employees in improving their work even more and practices their work effectively for the success of the organisation. Problem-solving: the cultural differences among the organisation also have an advantage of the problem solving procedures of the organisation. The useful techniques are learnt from the other opponent organisations and the cultural differences between them help both the organisation to learn various procedures of solving various problems arising in the company. The cultural difference between the companies changes the aspects of management and managerial skills among the organisations. This is a very effective tool for the development of the managerial skills and the management of a company (Sunding and Odenrick, 2010). Learning different market issues: the culture of a company varies from that of others; hence, making clear the concept of learning from one organisation and the other. The cultural difference between the organisations shows the skill differentiation of the market problems that a construction company have to face. The learning of the cultural progression for the development of the market issues solving is a vital aspect of the cultural diversification in the construction companies. All these advantages play a vital role in making a construction company successful, these cultural diversities help in the mix and match of the cultures and building up a new cultural aspect with respect to changing time and modernisation (Zou, et al. 2012). This helps in the improvement of the company. Disadvantages of the cultural differences: When working with diverse cultures, it becomes difficult to maintain the success rate stagnant. The implementation of various cultures in a construction company deals with a lot of disadvantages as the compilation of several cultures may result in the degradation of understanding and this may lead to the failure of the company (Peace, 2010). There are various disadvantages of working with the diverse cultural aspects of the company; they are: Miscommunication: the different cultures can lead to severe miscommunication among the employees as well as the employers and the clients. This leads to the drop in the success rate of the company. Miscommunication leads to the insignificant problems created by the people in the companies. The language barrier is another aspect of miscommunication (Miscommunication involving 'standard care', 2011). If the person is not well versed and have no link with the language known by the other person there will be a communication gap between them; this may lead to the evolving of the miscommunication and lead to the failure of the company. Prejudice: the prejudice applied against a particular person in an organisation leads to a chaotic situation taking place in the organisation. This over-rule of the prejudices among the employees can affect the growth of the company. This can stop the effective workplace understanding among the employees and create a gap between them resulting in unsuccessful productivities (Wansing, 2001). The cultural diversification leads to prejudice enhancement sometimes so as to differentiate the various cultures of the company. Cultural shock: when a person is new at a work place, he faces cultural shock. This is the shock of getting indulged with various other cultures in the organisation leaving behind the previous cultures that were adopted by the person. The cultural shock can be caused by the acceptance of the different cultures in the company. This may lead to slow work progress in the company and this tends to the regression of the companys success (Moore, 2016). This can be improved by healthy team work and making the employee comfortable with the various cultures of the company. The use of the cultures in the company may result in the slow progress of the company but this is recoverable. These several disadvantages of the cultural differences in an organisation are harmful for the success of the construction companies. This can be overcome by various techniques opted for the personality development and teamwork procedures involved in the company. The use of skills learned by the employers should be implemented on the employees and they should also be taught several languages necessary for the dealings of the clients and the project works. There should be no problems among the employees for treating someone in a worse manner and hence separating him from the rest of the company. This should be stopped and proper communication and understanding should be there in a company to deal with the other difficulties that are to be faced by the project management teams (Eckert et al. 2011). The use of several techniques for the improvement of the company and the cultures responsible for the development should be acceptable to the employees. The cultural shock will reduce if the employee starts working as a team and incorporate the several different cultures that a company have for its development. If these aspects and remedies are used in a company the company will start flourishing itself in the international market keeping in view the development of the generations in the countries and the rate of modernisation in the world. Future scope of culture in international construction: The implementation of culture in the organisation gives special forwardness to the companies in the successful growth of the construction companies. The use of culture in the development of the future aspects of construction may lead to the increasing value of the cultures in the construction companies. The implementation of the culture may lead to the success rate of the future country developments. But in regards to that, there are certain reasons for the challenges that an implementation of the culture in a company may offer (Drejer and Skaue, 2007). The challenges are way difficult to be faced and there may arise various other problems in the company. The economic recession in the world may lead to less constructional projects in the future development hence, the companies should plan to create a chart for the low cost constructions with good quality products so as to maintain the importance of the construction companies all over the world. The cultures adopted by the companies s hould have the access over the maintenance of the risk factors and challenges of the construction company. They may need the efficiency and help of the government for the help of funding and letting the construction sector flourish internationally (Bakker, 2013). The use of various cultural aspects in the international companies may improve the global look out of the constructions. The innovative ideas and better problem solving capacities of the international companies in connection with the developing cultural aspect of the organisation is very essential for the construction companies in the upcoming future. The hike in the price if the construction plots and the products needed for construction processes may lead to the decline of the company. In order to keep it reorganised the management has to plan something for the improvement of the company problems and help it to decide a pricing list of reasonable prices to get more and more construction plots and projects (Switzer, 2014). The future development of the cultures may lead to the improvement in the accessibility of the overseas construction projects. The cultural difference between the overseas may help in the future development of the companies and its cultures to evaluate the success of the company. The future of the company with the implementation of several other variations of culture may lead to the success of the company and it may although include the active participation of the government and the cultures of various organisations for the development of the international construction industry (Pronk, 2009). Conclusion: In this study we can actively notice the use of the cultures in the several fields of a construction companies. The importance of culture in the development of the company is also shown in this study. The use of culture in the companies have led to the diverse implementation of the success techniques in a very innovative manner and helps in the active participation of the company employees to work for the development of the construction companies even better. There are various advantages and disadvantages of having separate cultures in the company. The practical experiences of the construction companies and the several case studies opted in the study clarifies the importance of construction companies and the relation of culture in the growth of the companies. Various other issues may be solved and the development of the company depends mainly on the cultures followed by the company to fulfil its success needs. The reason behind the future improvement of the construction industry deal s in the application of the several cultures and management procedures in the company. The future aspects of the company are sick yet it can be flourished with the help of the national government and the cultural implementations of the company to work successfully in the global market. References Barthorpe, S., Duncan, R., and Miller, C. (2000) The pluralistic facets of culture and its impact on construction, Property Management, 18(5), 335-351. Jensen, R. and Szulanski, G. (2004) Stickiness and the adaptation of organizational practices in ,cross-border knowledge transfers, Journal of International Business Studies, 35(6), 508- 523. Mahalingam, A., Levitt, R.E., and Scott, W.R. (2005) Cultural clashes in international infrastructure development projects: which cultures matter?, CIB W92/T23/W107 International Symposium on Procurement Systems - The Impact of Cultural Differences and Systems on Construction Performance, Las Vegas, USA. Aaltonen, M. (2009). Multi-ontology, sense-making and the emergence of the future. Futures, 41(5), pp.279-283. Aaltonen, M. (2009). Multi-ontology, sense-making and the emergence of the future. Futures, 41(5), pp.279-283. Acworth, I. and Thomas, D. (2014). Charged aerosol detection and evaporative light scattering detection Fundamental differences affecting analytical performance. Planta Medica, 80(10). Acworth, I. and Thomas, D. (2014). Charged aerosol detection and evaporative light scattering detection Fundamental differences affecting analytical performance. Planta Medica, 80(10). Adriaanse, A. and Voordijk, H. (2005). Interorganizational communication and ICT in construction projects: a review using meta triangulation. Construction Innovation, 5(3), pp.159-177. Adriaanse, A. and Voordijk, H. (2005). Interorganizational communication and ICT in construction projects: a review using meta triangulation. Construction Innovation, 5(3), pp.159-177. Chan, E. and Suen, H. (2005). Dispute resolution management for international construction projects in China. Management Decision, 43(4), pp.589-602. Chan, E. and Suen, H. (2005). Dispute resolution management for international construction projects in China. Management Decision, 43(4), pp.589-602. Chan, E., Suen, H. and Chan, C. (2006). MAUT-Based Dispute Resolution Selection Model Prototype for International Construction Projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 132(5), pp.444-451. Chan, E., Suen, H. and Chan, C. (2006). MAUT-Based Dispute Resolution Selection Model Prototype for International Construction Projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 132(5), pp.444-451. Gad, G., Kalidindi, S., Shane, J. and Strong, K. (2011). Analytical Framework for the Choice of Dispute Resolution Methods in International Construction Projects Based on Risk Factors. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, 3(2), pp.79-85. Gad, G., Kalidindi, S., Shane, J. and Strong, K. (2011). Analytical Framework for the Choice of Dispute Resolution Methods in International Construction Projects Based on Risk Factors. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, 3(2), pp.79-85. Graf, P. (2008). Some Differences Between Research and Flight Project Success Strategies. INSIGHT, 11(5), pp.39-42. Graf, P. (2008). Some Differences Between Research and Flight Project Success Strategies. INSIGHT, 11(5), pp.39-42. Haritonova, M. (2014). Complex Project Management: Historical Background, Problems and Approaches. Russian Journal of Project Management, 3(4), pp.3-14. Haritonova, M. (2014). Complex Project Management: Historical Background, Problems and Approaches. Russian Journal of Project Management, 3(4), pp.3-14. Holt, G. (2016). Historical British antecedents of innovative construction project organisation and social structures. Construction Innovation, 16(1), pp.46-66. Holt, G. (2016). Historical British antecedents of innovative construction project organisation and social structures. Construction Innovation, 16(1), pp.46-66. HONDA, Y., ISHII, S. and KOBAYASHI, I. (2000). Political and Economical Background and Effects of Tuujun Bridge Construction to Villages of Yabe Region from Machizai Documents. HISTORICAL STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, 20, pp.97-104. HONDA, Y., ISHII, S. and KOBAYASHI, I. (2000). Political and Economical Background and Effects of Tuujun Bridge Construction to Villages of Yabe Region from Machizai Documents. HISTORICAL STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, 20, pp.97-104. Klimenko, O. (2014). Complex Project Management: Historical Background, Problems and Approaches. Russian Journal of Project Management, 3(3), pp.4-13. Klimenko, O. (2014). Complex Project Management: Historical Background, Problems and Approaches. Russian Journal of Project Management, 3(3), pp.4-13. Lee, C., Yiu, T. and Cheung, S. (2016). Selection and use of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in construction projects Past and future research. International Journal of Project Management, 34(3), pp.494-507. Lee, C., Yiu, T. and Cheung, S. (2016). Selection and use of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in construction projects Past and future research. International Journal of Project Management, 34(3), pp.494-507. Lckmann, P. (2015). Towards Identifying Success Factors for Cross-cultural Project Customer Engagement: A Literature Review. Procedia Computer Science, 64, pp.324-333. Lckmann, P. (2015). Towards Identifying Success Factors for Cross-cultural Project Customer Engagement: A Literature Review. Procedia Computer Science, 64, pp.324-333. Mesro, P. and Mandi?k, T. (2016). Use of communication technologies in document exchange for the management of construction projects. Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering, 11(1). Mesro, P. and Mandi?k, T. (2016). Use of communication technologies in document exchange for the management of construction projects. Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering, 11(1). Miller-McLemore, B. (2012). Toward Greater Understanding of Practical Theology. International Journal of Practical Theology, 16(1). Miller-McLemore, B. (2012). Toward Greater Understanding of Practical Theology. International Journal of Practical Theology, 16(1). Naaranoja, M. (2015). Multi-ontology Sense Making Decision Making of Project Core Team. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, pp.611-617. Naaranoja, M. (2015). Multi-ontology Sense Making Decision Making of Project Core Team. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, pp.611-617. Popescu, A., Borca, C., Fistis, G. and Draghici, A. (2014). Cultural Diversity and Differences in Cross-cultural Project Teams. Procedia Technology, 16, pp.525-531. Popescu, A., Borca, C., Fistis, G. and Draghici, A. (2014). Cultural Diversity and Differences in Cross-cultural Project Teams. Procedia Technology, 16, pp.525-531. Snowden, D. (2005). Multi-ontology sense making: a new simplicity in decision making. Journal of Innovation in Health Informatics, 13(1), pp.45-53. Snowden, D. (2005). Multi-ontology sense making: a new simplicity in decision making. Journal of Innovation in Health Informatics, 13(1), pp.45-53. Taylor, J. (2015). Understanding international partnerships. Perspectives: Policy and Practice in Higher Education, 20(2-3), pp.44-50. Taylor, J. (2015). Understanding international partnerships. Perspectives: Policy and Practice in Higher Education, 20(2-3), pp.44-50.

Week Five Assignment Paper Essays - Pricing, Market Economics

Week Five Assignment Paper David A. Keith BUS 6 4 0 Managerial Accounting Instructor Zhimin Huang October 16, 2017 Week Five Assignment Paper Problem One You are a business adviser for Alba and Gavigan . Describe a skimming price and a penetration price, and advise them whether they should charge a skimming price or a penetration price, with supportive reasoning for and against each pricing alternative. Skimming price sets high levels for what prices allow higher profits of outcome for diff erent firms (Douglas, 2012 sec. 9.1). Fortunately, firms gear to prices of lesser means by which another firm enters markets and decreases prices that customers will to paying because of what other competitors base upon. One crucial factor goes beyond price skimming's allowing firms to recuperate much means of skunking cost within other market firms ( Tellis , 1986). Penetration price relates to lower prices causing additional product units being sold in achieving much penetrations within a market (Douglas, 2012, sec.9.1). Beside skimming price where objectives in profits are higher within little periods with objectives of penetration price attracting higher levels of consumers and gaining shares of market (Douglas, 2012). In addition to usage of strategies to unsuccessful means to which firms gradually begin to increase with price goes towards what actions take place within these means. I would say to use price skimming strategies that allow firms to earn higher profit levels in attempting on recovering sunken cost. Strategies of price penetrations prove to becoming detriments to long-terms firms rising prices in efforts to increasing profit margins which I have not thought of using. Are they likely to make economic profits initially? Can they continue to make economic profits in the long term? Why or why not? Discuss. Companies form of profits made through economic means consider marginal usages, and in the long run, these companies are likely to making these profits with shifting of customers usages go towards more natural products of manufacture company's like Honest Company. In remaining profitable, company's need use good and wise strategies to keep from being in the same as their competitors. What advice would you give to Alba and Gavigan to help them make more profit in the long term? For company's who make profits in longer terms profit from wider ranges by which suggestions to products of organic usage because they bring in many customers to buying these products. These brands come in higher priced forms then products that are not organic, therefore making them more expensive and price effective to which consumers are able to buy. In the long run, these products generate a large form of profits in long-term levels. The celebrity structure of Alba also profits from these means. Problem Two Show all of your calculations and processes. Describe your answers in three- to five-complete sentences. What price would you bid if you must win the project? Rival A Rival B Rival C Me Earlier Bid Patterns Increment costs goods 35 - 50% Filled costs good 8 - 12% Filled costs goods 10 - 15% Increment costs goods 60 - 80% Structured Costs 0 0 0 0 Incremental Costs 294800 268000 214400 268000 Full Costs 440000 440000 440000 440000 Approx. Bid - High 442200 492800 506000 482400 .80% Approx. Bid - Low 397980 475200 484000 428800 .60% 396640 .48% Additional features not quantifiable to project bids to which a company wish to achieve are more the lower bidders. In addition to early bid patterns, these biddings come within price range t o 482400 and 428800. In addition, incremental conditions come at 60 percent with competing A's at lower bid costs, which I think goes within 48 percent with job biddings at 396640. With 12 percent of low forms take place within earlier bid patterns considered worthy that I feel have roles of revenue being generated. What price would you bid if you want to max imize the expected value of the contribution from this contract? In my opinion to maximizing values through contributions of contracts, comes to mind biddings of 482400 increment cost and 80 percent means. These biddings come in lesser forms then rivals (B) or (C), with possibility to winning contracts with low biddings to 482400. Defend your answers with discussion, making any assumptions you feel are reasonable and/or are supported by the information provided. Though many

Canada and the Great Depression essays

Canada and the Great Depression essays In the 1930s, the world suffered an economic collapse now known as the Great Depression. It was like a disease that afflicted the entire capitalist world. But it struck Canada more severely than every other capitalist country except the United States. It began in 1929 when the other countries stopped buying Canadian goods. This forced many Canadian industries out of business. Thousands of Canadians lost their jobs. Some lost their homes as well. Nearly every Canadian felt the effects of the Depression. However, the hardest hits were single men and Prairie farmers. During the Great Depression, single men suffered the most significant hardship for two reasons. First, they were not able to find jobs. Single women often found jobs cleaning homes for the wealthy, or working for very low wages in a factory. Such work was rarely available for men. People who were lucky enough to find jobs often earned low wages. Second, single men were not able to receive government relief payments or food vouchers. Married unemployed men received these benefits because they had wives and children to support. Single men did not qualify for government relief because they did not have the same responsibilities. The 1930s were even worse for young men just entering the workforce. Most of them could not find steady work because there was always someone more experienced applying for the same job. With no money, but plenty of spare time, single men of all ages wandered across the country looking for work. Many could not afford to ride on passenger trains. They often stol e rides in, or on, freight trains. "Riding the rails" was illegal, but there were too few police officers to catch the many riders. The unemployed held PM Bennet responsible for not solving the situation before the depression hit. The Depression years were also difficult times for farmers on the Prairies. Their problems began in 1929 when other countries stopped buying Canadia...

20 History Essay Topics What to Talk about in a Paper on Egyptian Revolution of 2011

20 History Essay Topics What to Talk about in a Paper on Egyptian Revolution of 2011 If you are in need of some topics for your history essay on the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, you should consider the causes, casualties, and consequences. All three of these categories make for substantial and important topics which can be used for a history essay on the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. That being said, picking a proper topic can be tricky. It is for this reason that you will find a list of 20 topics on the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 below helpful. Foreign Policies Influencing Egyptian Revolution of 2011 Casualties by Police Forces in Egyptian Revolution Foreign Policy Consequences of Egyptian 25th of January Revolution Egyptian Revolution of 2011 Socioeconomic Causes Political Contributions to Egyptian 25th of January Revolution Governmental Problems after Egyptian Revolution of 2011 Issues Facing New Government Elected After Egyptian Revolution Political Reasons that Led to the 25th of January Revolution Government Responses to Mass Protests in the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 Protest Power: How Protests Spark Real Change in Egyptian Revolution of 2011 Why Reforms Were Unsuccessful After the 25th of January Revolution How Tunisia Laid Groundwork for Egyptian Revolution Why Tunisia’s Revolution Was Quicker and More Successful than the Egyptian Revolution Unemployment Levels in Egypt Before Versus After Egyptian Revolution Poverty Levels in Egypt Before Compared to After the Egyptian Revolution Muslim Brotherhood After the Elections Influence of International Politics on Police Brutality in Egyptian Revolution Use of Technology in the Egyptian Revolution of January 25th Age Demographics of Protesters in the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 Internet Restrictions: Causing Bigger Influence of National Media Sample History Essay on Political Reasons that Led to the 25th of January Revolution The Egyptian Revolution of 2011 had many causes. It also had many casualties and many consequences for the future of Egypt. The former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak had signed many foreign policies which did not sit well with his constituents, namely agreements for peace with Israel and support from the United States. But in addition to these issues, political corruption was rampant and as this rampant nature of the governing machine grew, so did the unemployment rates and poverty rates among citizens. In the decade prior to the Egyptian revolution opposition organizations began to form rapidly. The Muslim Brotherhood was among the top opposition organizations calling for free elections and demanding that the presidential elections to be democratic. While the former president had been elected for over two decades at that time, he had faced no opposition and ran in single-party elections. Having a single candidate election had upseted the citizens of Egypt to no end. Many people have outspoken against the president and the hold he had on political power. Those who have outspoken faced severe penalties including torture, imprisonment and even death in hands of the internal security services. In 2005 the Muslim Brotherhood had gained so much popularity that local elections indicated they would win. The former president Hosni Mubarak had banned the Muslim brotherhood from the country. For the first time in 2010 the former president of Egypt faced an opponent. After the victory of Hosni Mubarak, he had his opponent jailed on the charges of fraud. Beginning in December of the year 2010 there were unprecedented numbers of demonstrations throughout several Arab countries against political repression, poverty and corruption. These demonstrations challenged the authority of some of the most historically eventful in the Middle East. This was the case in which the uprising of Egypt had forced one of the most influential and long-serving leaders of the region from power. The first demonstrations took place in December of the year 2010 in Tunisia. They have started when a young man set himself on fire because of unemployment rate and the police corruption that was rampant in the country. Rallies have demanded for the president to step down.They had occurred throughout the country and in many cases the police had to resort to violence in order to control the crowds. As the clashes between protesters and police escalated the president announced a handful of economic and political reforms in the attempt to stop the continued violence. His attempts were unsuccessful. As the demonstrations continued the president was forced to flee the country. This success of this uprising which has since been called the Jasmine Revolution is what inspired a similar movement in Egypt. Many youth groups organized demonstrations including the established opposition parties of Egypt. These organizations too have set up bases in the capital city and many large cities throughout the country. The protesters called for the president to step down and demanded free elections and democracy. These demonstrations continued to gain strength and as they did the president resorted to violent tactics against the protesters. These tactics resulted in hundreds of injuries and deaths. The presidents attempt to placate the protesters with certain concessions such as agreeing to step down at the end of his current term did not satisfy the citizens. Three weeks of mass protest took place before the president finally stepped down and left the Egyptian military in control of the country. While the protesters in Egypt focused the anger they had on domestic issues like that of government opposition, oppression and poverty. Many observers took note that the political change was able to impact the foreign affairs and affect the long-standing political balance throughout Egypt. Central element of the foreign policy under the ousted president became unpopular with the public. It is established that with a new regime such foreign and internal policies could be changed for better. References: Abdelmottlep, Mamdooh A. The Egyptian Revolution: An Analysis of the Egyptian Police Response, the Way to the Egyptian Police Reform (Subjective Projection).  FRCIJ  1.5 (2015): n. pag. Web. Hamdy, Basma, and Stone.  Walls of Freedom. Print. Khalil, Ashraf.  Liberation Square. New York: St. Martins Press, 2012. Print. Rennick, Sarah Anne. Contested Meanings in the Egyptian Revolution.  socio  2 (2013): 81-98. Web. Salman, Doaa. Vulnerable Egyptian Labor Market Challenges After the Egyptian Revolution.Poverty Public Policy  6.3 (2014): 239-258. Web. Saouli, Adham. Performing The Egyptian Revolution: Origins of Collective Restraint Action in the Midan.  Political Studies  63.4 (2014): 730-746. Web. Steavenson, Wendell.  Circling The Square. Print.

Social Information Processing Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Information Processing Theory - Essay Example Media-Richness Theory agrees with Social Presence Theory because it classifies CMC as incapable of expressing rich verbal and non-verbal cues. Walther differs in opinion to these theories because he believes that, as long as sufficient social messages are exchanged and subsequent relational growth is attained, CMC can also produce close relationships. Walther proposes the Social Information Processing Theory which states that through CMC, people exchange interpersonal information, form impressions, and decide how to use these impressions to form or not form close interpersonal relationships. Social Information Processing Theory helps understand how I formed close relationships with people in my G+ communities, specifically Elena and Hermie. I have recently been active in G+ communities, especially those involved in health and fitness. Walther is right to say that even if CMC does not present exactly the same cues as face-to-face communication, online users compensate by using cues th at are available to them. Cues refer to a wide range of verbal and non-verbal impressions that are not always directly stated but rather personally observed. Impression formation, according to Social Information Processing Theory, refers to the formation of mental images about other people. When I interconnect with my G+ community members, my impression from them is formed through what they share with our community, whether they are words, or words with images, or any article, blog entry, images, and videos that say something about their ideas, beliefs, practices, and aspirations. From reading and seeing these expressions of themselves, I can form impressions of their personalities. For instance, Elena, one of my Health community members, is the same age as I am, but she studies in India. She is overweight and very much interested in losing weight through changing her lifestyle and mindset about beauty and health. I know her goals through my interactions with her through our communi ty and the health news and health changes she shares with us. Hermie is older, 55 years old, and she lives in the U.S., but, like Elena, she is into healthy and natural living. I like her because her posts are funny and inspiring. She shares inspirational messages and stories from other people and herself through our G+ communities. I understand the personalities of Hermie and Elena through the direct information we share with one another and form impressions about them through these online interactions. In turn, people who are in my G+ communities can also generate impressions about who I am through my own posts on the communities and on my own G+ account. For instance, when I share something about the benefits of virgin coconut oil and how it can be used for different health purposes, others who view my posts will understand that I am the kind of person who wants and prefers natural products over commercial ones. Elena, for instance, once wrote to me that she has been wanting to f ind something natural to help her lose weight and that since she saw my post on virgin coconut oil, she thinks that drinking two tablespoons of it every day has helped her break her weight plateau. From there, we continuously interact to get different kinds of information from one another. These kinds of information may be personal knowledge and experiences, or any form of sharing that we get from our communities. Social Information Processing

Toyota's Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Toyota's Economy - Essay Example Most of the banking institutions have closed or merged their operations with the existing other institution in order to facilitate uninterrupted service to their customers. The financial institutions were not the only ones affected by the crisis, as other manufacturing and service sector companies like General Motors, Satyam Computers and so on were also affected. The recession has done bad things, but also good things to bring out some of the malpractices to the light of the stakeholders and government taking place within the organization of the company that resulted in bankruptcy. Additionally, there are companies that faced the past and present crises and are still going strong. This paper intends to study the impact of the crisis on Toyota’s economy, while assessing its strategies for future development. Growth of Toyota Motor Corporation Toyota Motor was the second step taken by its founder Sakichi Toyoda, when he first started the Toyoda Automatic Loom Company, which was supported by the Japanese Government due to its military application. In December 1945, Toyoda was permitted to start up a peacetime production by the U.S. military and by 1947 made the SA Model, called ‘Toyopet’. ... Apart form manufacturing, Toyota was involved in many mergers and acquisitions which included the acquisition of Hino, Daihatsu and Denso, which were once Toyota’s electrical component that broke up after WWII (Toyota History, 2009). Presently, the current investment of Toyota Motors stands at 1.9 bn, with 6,850 employees. As per the 2007 FY Report, consolidated net sales valued at 1,651.2 bn yens, current income at -0.5 bn yens and net income -1.0 bn yens (Economic Report). However, the financial crisis has a definite impact on the development of Toyota in certain parts of the world. Effects of Financial Crisis Toyota suffered its worst slowdown since its inception in the year 1937, reduced the production, and cut back on investments to combat falling sales and increasing yen. It is reported that Toyota Motors will be incurring a loss of around 1.2 billion euros (rfi.fr). The recent financial crisis had a drastic effect on the business of Toyota Motor Corporation. According t o the Economic Report in FY 2008, despite the increase of net sales, the company incurred huge operating losses, which resulted in the value of assets and shareholder equity. Mreg Marco (2008) reports that Toyota experienced a downslide of 32% in U. S. sales alone. Moreover, experts warned more doom and gloom in the coming years despite frantic measures being taken by the government to stem the tide of bad data (AFP, 2009). These financial losses and net decrease in sales has resulted in DBRS downgrading the long-term ratings of Toyota and its subsidiaries from AAA to AA. DBRS also reported that recent fiscal reports were far below the expectations with total revenues dropping to 20.5 trillion yen, a decline of 22% and an operation loss of 461 billion yen, despite cost cutting

Classical Humanism and Architecture Essay Example for Free

Classical Humanism and Architecture Essay INTRODUCTION Classical humanism in architecture is a direct reflection of a human quest of self-realization through ages. As for the recorded evidences one can go back to the periods of Plato, Zeno, Epicurus or Aristotle – the period reigned by Greco-Roman philosophers – when this quest of know thyself flourished and established itself as a philosophy to woo the future generations. Thus this essay takes a quick look to expressions of classical humanism through the wonderful architectural remains of Acropolis that contains the signs of evolution in architecture too – before coming into its own conclusion. Classical Division of Greco-Roman Architecture The period in discussion contains three distinctive division of architecture, viz. , Doric, Ionic and Corinthian order. Doric could be termed as the mainstream architecture of Greece, which later gave way to Ionic and Corinthian order, where each of them can be identified through their different finishes at the sections like cornice, frieze, architrave, capital, shaft and base. Out of them two styles still co habit in Acropolis – Parthenon and Erechtheum, while the third, belonging to Roman era, has two of its bright examples in the Temple of the Sybil in Rome or in the Charlotte City Hall (Shulman). Classical Humanism It can be identified as the improvised state of early Greek Humanism (1200-750 B. C. ), when the Greeks had evolved with the concept of arete (human excellence), where the guiding elements were courage, loyalty, generosity, mercy, dignity, decency, honor, stoicism and strength (Sunami, 2004). Gradually the depiction of these elements as virtues took shape in architectural details besides other modes of expressions like drama, painting or writing, where a realistic approach dominated the proceedings. It is because of that the human-centered sculptures done by them or the details in their architecture attempts to create near-perfect depiction of figures. Parthenon In spite of its present dilapidated state, Parthenon (447-432 B. C.), the home of Greek goddess Athena Perthenos (the Virgin Athena) is easily the best example of both Doric architecture and Humanism, where its simple columns and the detailed human figures would reflect a plain living and high thinking philosophy. In fact, the Doric architecture relied much on the solidity rather than frills, which is evident in its many expressions, like the shafts of its overall 46 columns or their capitals and friezes besides cornices. As for humanism, it contained many figures, and especially the metops (relief-works), which were altogether 92 in number, spread all around to depict the series of mythological events or the successful war ventures of the people of Athens. The near-accurate depiction of various muscuto-skeletal states of humans speaks of the deep thoughts applied by their creators. Erectheum Thereafter, the fascination with mathematics and geometry of the Greeks belonging to the period 500 B. C. – 30 B. C. , led to their advancement in architecture (Sunami, 2004) while maintaining their idea of humanism. A great example of such an evolution could be seen in Erectheum (421-405 B. C. ), which had replaced Doric architecture by Ionic order, a style developed in Ionia region of Greece. The six Ionic columns of its facade beholding six sculpted figures of maidens with large bead and reel and egg and dart moldings (Osborne), corroborates the fact. Corinthian Order Further departure from Doric is observed in Corinthian order of architectural style, where the capitals of its pillars started having flowers and leaves below a small scroll (Shulman), besides tweaking its shafts and cornices to establish a flattened look, altogether indicating evolution in both architecture and philosophy of humanism, where the later emphasized on nature more than before. CONCLUSION The philosophy of humanism or the trends in architecture are both never-ending subjects, but the wonderful episode of their togetherness in the early era sill serves as food for thoughts like simplicity is the hallmark of elegance or every instance of human existence is embedded with history, philosophy and nature. Ends Works Cited Shulman, B. R. Classical Orders. Retrieved 20 December 2007, from http://www. cmhpf. org/kids/dictionary/ClassicalOrders. html Sunami, C. 2004. History of Humanism. Retrieved 20 December 2007, from http://kitoba. com/pedia/History+of+Humanism. html Osborne, R. The Erechtheum. Retrieved 20 December 2007, from http://www. jact. org/publications/sample_erechtheum. htm.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

I want to thank my family for giving me the opportunity to receive a private education and for encouraging me to always do my best. Thank you to my friends and their parents who have loved me and believed in me. Most of all, I want to say thanks to God for giving me the gifts He has and for loving me unconditionally; for without Him, I am nothing. It is hard for me to believe that we are graduating from high school; time has flown by. At the beginning of freshman year I remember being scared and wondering just how I would fit in and if I would make friends or not. I wasn't fearful for long though because our class bonded right away. I believe we came together so much because we changed together and we discovered life together. As Mr. Leopold would say, we had many "Aha's" along the way. We experienced uncertainty, frustration, and sorrow, but we overcame because we laughed and we laughed and we laughed. And, we hoped and we prayed. We genuinely encouraged each other and now at the end of our senior year we could not ask for more faithful friends. At Kennedy Murphy we are not ju...

Discuss About Intravenous Urography Health And Social Care Essay

I would wish to discourse approximately endovenous Urography in this paper. Intravenous Urography or merely known as IVU is a process to analyze the urinary system by utilizing contrast media. It had been start utilizing in twelvemonth 1930 to analyze the upsets of urinary system. It is performed to diagnosed nephritic map and investigates the anatomy of the kidneys, ureters and urinary vesica. The indicants for executing a IVU scrutiny are suspected urinary piece of land pathology, repeated harm, haematuria, injury and probe of hypotension in immature grownup. Urography may besides utilize to execute the pre- or post-therapeutic evalution of rock disease. The urography imaging sequence is design to supply diagnostic. The contrast media is brought to the kidneys through blood circulation, filtered in the glomeruli and concentrated in the nephritic tubules. Then the contrast media will delivered to the pelvic girdle, ureter and vesica where radio-opaque show on X-ray movies. Normally this scrutiny will be performed by the physician to avoid unfortunate incidences. The intent of IVU is the primary probe for urinary disease such as urinary rock, urinary rednesss, urinary injury and obstructor, assorted and contraindications. Some necessary safeguards are taken to avoid the allergic reactions. This safeguards include ask whether patient is allergic to any medical specialty or nutrient, is patient ( adult females ) pregnant or have any opportunity to pregnancy within a hebdomad and any diseases that may do patient to hold anaphylactic daze during scrutiny. Equipments that are needed during Intravenous Urography are exigency cart to the full equipped and handily placed, instrument for injection is arranged on a little, movable tabular array or on a tray, often used unfertile points must be readily available, disposable acerate leafs and panpipes are widely used in this process, nonsterile points such as compression bandage, little waste bin, vomit basin, disposable rub, contrast media that is required, and dressing for puncture site must be required. Besides that, a pillow or folded tower that can be place under patient ‘s cubitus during the injection of contrast media to diminish force per unit area. The equipment for endovenous disposal equipment are 50ml syringe, make fulling needle, skin homework, gluey tape, choice of acerate leafs, straight/'Butterfly ‘ 16,19,21,23 gage and compression bandage or blood force per unit area turnup. Emergency drugs and equipment such as steroid injection, adrenaline injection, antihistami ne injection, endovenous dextrose trickle and O for inspiration must be checked every twenty-four hours and easy to get during IVU scrutiny. Basically, we are utilizing 3 types of contrast media during IVU scrutiny. They are Niopam 300, Omnipaque 350 and Urograffin 370. Doses of contrast media that injected into a 70 kilogram, normal blood urea grownup are 50 milliliters through endovenous. Before injected the contrast media to patient, the contrast media must be warmed to personify temperature. To shoot the contrast media into the vena, a 19 gage acerate leaf must be punctured into the average cubital vena. Then the contrast media that been warmed to about 36-37 grade Celsius will be injected. This process is ever performed by the Radiologists or physician. Then movies are taken at intervals will show whole nephritic system. At the twenty-four hours of scrutiny, patient is necessitating to alter to hospital gown. Make certain patient had emptying the vesica to forestall dilution of contrast media with urine. Patient is placed on the tabular array with supine place in the X-ray room, the MSP of the patient perpendicular to the midplane of the grid. Support patient ‘s articulatio genus by utilizing a pillow to cut down dipped curvature of lumbar spinal column. This can supply a more comfy place to patient. Compression devices must be prepared before the scrutiny, so that it will be ready to application in a specific clip. Obtain a preliminary radiogram of the venters. Then fix for the first post-injection before the contrast medium is injected. A cassette with movie is placed in the bucky tabular array, place the cassette and set on markers on the cassette. Changes are made on focus and exposure factors based on the prelim movie. Contrast media for injection intent is prepared utilizing sterile techn ique. Administration of contrast media into patient ‘s organic structure is normally done by the physician harmonizing to the patient ‘s organic structure size, ages and weight. Several radiogram will be taken at specified intervals get downing from the clip the contrast media is wholly emits into patient ‘s organic structure. In approximately 2 to 8 proceedingss the contrast media will get down to look in the pelvicaliceal system. Patient demand to empty their vesica as the scrutiny is over and a radiogram will be taken to guarantee that contrast media is wholly removed from the organic structure. The typical exposure values for IVU are 65-75kVp, 50-70mAs, 100cm of Film Focusing Distance ( FFD ) , used grid to diminish spread radiation and utilize regular film/screen. 5 X-ray movies will be taken during this scrutiny. The first X ray besides known as preliminary movie is a normal abdomen X ray. The movie should include most of the venters and pelvic girdle ( kidneys, ureters and vesica ) . If the movie is demoing unsatisfactory component such as gases and a tonss of fecal matters inside the patient venters, we might hold to prorogue the scrutiny. This is cause by the patient that did non follow the direction right. This is usually go on on the out-of-door patient. This scrutiny will be go on when patient have achieved proper readying. The 2nd movie ( immediate movie ) is after the patient is injected with the contrast media. The intent of this movie is to show AP nephritic disease by demoing nephrogram, examples the nephritic parenchyma. The 3rd movie or merely known as 5 proceedingss movie is taken to find whether farther dosage of contrast media is required or non. We might use compaction to dilate pelvicalyceal system so that it can clearly sho w make fulling defects in the 3rd movie ( 15 proceedingss movie ) . The Forth movie ( 25 proceedingss movie ) is taken to show the distended vesica. This can be done by concentrating 15 degree caudal angulations and the upper boundary line of the symphysis pubic bone is centered. The last movie ( station urination movie ) will show the emptying success of vesica and the antecedently distend lower terminals of ureters had been returned to normal. There are besides some extra projections required such as inspiratory, expiratory and oblique projection so that relationship of opacities and make fulling defects to the nephritic piece of land is demonstrated. Purpose of imaging is to show lineations nephritic and overcome darkening from the gastro enteric piece of land. An immediate station injection radiogram should show the kidneys addition in denseness because of the contrast within the uriniferous tubules. Different denseness nephrograms may bespeak nephritic nephritic arteria stricture, if this is suspected a series of movies at 1, 2, and 3 proceedingss after injection can convey more accurate visual image. The kidney lineations should be smooth and does non concentrating contrast media. If it is concentrating the medium, it is likely cause by tumours. The calyces, nephritic pelvic girdle and portion of ureter should be seeable in the 5 or 10 proceedingss movie. Both kidneys should hold the same denseness as the nephrogram is reduced. If we see 1 of the kidney denseness is lower, it might be cause by ureteric diseases such as urinary obstructor. To find site of obstructor, a delayed movie is required after 45 to 60 proceedingss after injection. 15 proceedingss movie shall demo the cause of urinary obstructor. Urinary obstructor might be caused by stne, coagulum or tumor near the ureteric opening. If the ureters are dilated, the cause is likely in the vesica or urethra. The intent of taking vesica movie is to name the unnatural size of vesica that might be cause urinary diseases. Examples of the diseases are prostate expansion, urethral obstructor, neurogenic vesica, TB, Schisotosomiasis, rocks, calcification, tumor and gas in the vesica. It is the duty of a Radiographer to use to patient and radiographer to diminish the radiation doses that receive. Guidelines refering radiation protection are using gonad shield to patient if it does non overlap the part of involvement. Collimation need to be applied so that lone part of involvement merely will have radiation. Do non reiterate the scrutiny so that patient will non have external radiation. Male patient shall be shield for all scrutinies. Some patient might shown some symptoms such as sickness, minor urticarial roseolas, on occasion terrible laryngeal hydrops, anaphylactic daze and cardiac apprehension. As the marks of these symptoms appear on patient, injection of contrast media must be stopped instantly. Emergency drugs such as antihistamines and steroids are given to patient. Decision is IVU is a safe scrutiny with all the set up in the X-ray room and it gives detail information to physician for diagnose intent.

Hierarchical Analysis of Industries

Hierarchical Analysis of Industries Classes, categories, forms, brands Product hierarchy is a term which defines the way a product is relative to other products in the same industry. It guides the path and process a consumer takes to determine the products we choose and we eventually purchase. To start off we look at a basic need that our ultimate choice serves. After we identify the need and determine which industry will satisfy it we are faced with decisions. Which class of products in that industry will deliver that type of product?The different classes all serve a need that is relative to each other but may not serve the specific need. This is where we identify which category of product we are looking for. Here we will find products that serve similar functions and may be marketed to the same customer groups. To further narrow down our choices we must then select a product form that may serve a specific function. This is where we find the exact product that fills the ultimate nee d. Finally we make our end choice by choosing the brand of that product that will purchase.The actual number of levels in the hierarchy depends on how much more detailed or defined the need is. For example if someone wants soap and their only need is to clean something generic, they wouldn’t dig deeper into the types of soap they are looking for rather than looking for a specific type of cleaning agent for granite counter tops for example. To further explain and give examples of how a product falls into a product hierarchy I will look at five different industries. 1. In the first instance the consumer’s end goal is to open a checking account and the basic need is security.Industry Finance| Class| Savings| Diversified Investments| Insurance| Real Estate| Category| Bank/Credit Union and Online or in person| | | | Form| Checking, Savings, CD’s, Credit Cards, Bill Payment| | | | Brand| CHASE| | | | A consumer would first decide which area of the industry they need. The industry is divided into 4 classes: Savings, Diversified Investments, Insurance and Real Estate. Since our need falls under the first class of â€Å"Savings† it is not necessary to break down the other branches of the industry and explain all the choices they have.In order to open a checking account for example they would decide at the class level what type of institution would suit their needs. At the category level there are choices such as, should you use a credit union or a traditional commercial bank. Both serve the same general service but credit unions tend to be smaller and more community or organization oriented. They might be affiliated with a certain geographic area or group of professionals like teachers for example. They are also non-profit financial institutions owned by their members and run by a board of directors which are typically their members.They appear to offer a more personal service which is their point of marketing it. Banks could be as small as community based or as large as national organizations but they are for-profit businesses. The board of directors of a bank is chosen by the stockholders (private investors). Also will you need on-line or in-person services. There are many institutions which advertise to fill the needs of one or the other (or both) of these consumers. For example a business professional that travels often would not have the time to physically stop by a bank branch to take care of their needs.In this case, a full service on-line institution would better serve that customer. The customer who needs to sit down with a customer service representative to assist them in some way would possibly choose a bank branch for in-person service. Once that decision is made a customer would determine which specific form of the product is necessary. In this industry for example, a customer might be looking for service in checking, savings, certificate of deposits, mortgages or bill paying, etc.At this level I believe t he company uses marketing strategies to show the benefits of their brand and the attributes of their products which ultimately will help the consumer choose a specific brand or in this case institution such as CHASE BANK for example. 2. The end goal is to purchase running shoes but the basic need we are looking to fill here is to clothe ourselves. Industry Apparel| Class| Men’s wear| Women’s wear | | Children’swear| Category| Clothes/ Shoes/ Accessories| | | Form| Casual/Dress/Athletic| | | Brand| Asics| | |The general industry that running shoes are in is the Apparel industry. The class that this need falls into could be either men’s, women’s or children’s apparel. A similar need can be met in either of these classes but for a different target market. There is no substitutability at this level. In this particular instance it would be a straight forward decision based on the gender of the person who needs the product. At the next level a con sumer will have specific categories that their item will fall under. All the items at this level serve a more defined function; in this case they would be to clothe us, but just at the overall level.This is a good example of how an industry hierarchy can have many levels. Within each of the different items that fall in this category there are many choices you may have to get to fulfill the ultimate need before you even pick the specific form of the item. For example, Clothing is one type in this category but within this you may have to decide from outerwear, underwear, pants, skirts, dresses, shirts, etc. Accessories are even broader encompassing everything from hats to belts, scarves, ties, socks and so on. The category level that running shoes fall into is shoes. Once we know exactly what we want we decide on the specifics.This is the product form and where our running shoes fall. If we were looking for casual shoes, dress shoes, sandals or athletic shoes we would make that decisi on at the form level. You cannot substitute different forms at this level because they would not serve the purpose intended. You could not wear dress shoes to go jogging. Once again the detail of this level is open for discussion because there technically are more options once we select the athletic footwear since running shoes are just one type. There are endless types available based on the activity they are being used for.Finally we may choose a brand such as Asics based on brand awareness. 3. The basic need we are looking to fill here transportation but the end goal is to purchase an automobile. Industry Transportation| Class| Ground-Auto/Rail/Bus| Sea- Ship| | Air- Planes| Category| Cars/trucks/vans or motorcyclesCommuter trains/cargo/ orPassenger bus, charter bus| Cruise ships/ cargo/yachts/sailboats| Private/commercial| Form| 2 door, 4 door, sedan, hybrid, convertible| | | Brand| Honda| | | The transportation industry is broken down into 3 main classes: ground transportation which is auto, rail or bus; sea/ships or air/planes.All choices result in the movement of goods or people but depending on the purpose one might choose one over another. In this instance the end result is to purchase a car so we will just look at ground transportation. The main categories within the auto class are cars, trucks, vans and motorcycles. Since these different forms of transportation are pretty cut and dry we know that vehicle we wish to purchase will be met in the car category. The Form level is where substitutability is introduced. We now have choices of the type of vehicle we wish to purchase such as cars/trucks/vans/SUV/motorcycles, etc.Of course, we can further break down the type cars by 2 door, 4 door, sedan, hatchback, etc. There is great substitutability at this level depending on our need and taste. Finally our ultimate choice is based on brand which has strong customer loyalty in the auto industry. 4. The basic need in the publishing industry is to inform and e ducate the consumer and our purpose is to purchase a newspaper for example. Industry publishing| Class| Books| Periodicals | | CommercialPrinting services| Category| Literature/manuals/text ooks| Newspapers/magazines| Brochures/flyers/catalogs| Form| paper/digital/internet based| paper/digital/internet based| paper/digital/internet based| Brand| | Newsday| | All the items in the class category of publishing serve a need that is similar to each other which is to inform us but in a very general way. They may not meet our specific need. We have to select the category that our meets our needs. Books are acquired and saved as entertaining or reference items whereas periodicals are used to inform us.The commercial end of publishing usually has a different end user like a manufacturing company or business that is looking to advertise or get knowledge out to the consumer. At the next level the consumer will decide which of these categories best suits their needs. Here the choices involve wh ich mode type of publication would be necessary. Either books/periodicals/brochures, etc. The form which is chosen will differentiate the mode by which we will use the product. There is more product substitutability at this level because consumers may us different mediums of obtaining the same information.For example by paper print/internet/digital and finally the brand choice could be based on the loyalty of a company like a newspaper you always read and purchase. 5. The basic need is for personal care and the specific purpose in this case is to buy shampoo. Industry Personal care| Class| Cosmetics- luxury items| Personal Hygiene- essential items| | | Category| makeup/perfumes/beautification products| skin care/hair care/oral care| | Form| lipstick/body spray/hair removal/| toothbrush/toothpaste/soaps/deodorant/shampoo| | Brand| Revlon| Pantene| |We can differentiate the personal care industry by determining wants (luxury items) and needs (essential items). There is a small margin dividing these classes based on what you perceive as an essential item. In this instance shampoo is considered essential so it falls into the personal hygiene class. The items in the category class all serve a similar function but cover a wide variety of needs. To be more specific, all skin care items may be marketed to the same consumers but they may not serve a specific or desired need.To seek the actual product we are looking for we must determine which form of the product is required. Within the hair care line we can distinguish between moisturizing, body or dandruff shampoos for example. And ultimately we choose the brand based on pricing, product loyalty or other brand choice factors. Before we make a conscious decision to make a purchase, many of our decisions are made for us based on our needs. We decide which class and category of a product we choose to fill our basic need and then differentiate our choices based on what form of the product we eventually purchase.Finally w e choose a brand based on how these products are marketed to us. References: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Global_Industry_Classification_Standard http://www. citeman. com/1587-product-hierarchy-and-product-line-length. html https://getsatisfaction. com http://www. msci. com/ http://www. wdfi. org/wca/consumer_credit/credit_guides/DifferencesBanksCreditUnionsSavingsInstitut http://www. ions. htm http://www. prospects. ac. uk/industries_publishing_overview. htm