Structure, Physical Properties and Uses of Metals

Structure, Physical Properties and Uses of Metals Jason Thien FS Introduction Metals account for about two thirds of all the elements and about 24% of the mass of the planet. Metals have useful properties including strength, ductility, high melting points, thermal and electrical conductivity, and toughness. From the periodic table, it can be seen that a large number of the elements are classified as being a metal. Iron (Fe) The symbol for iron, Fe, comes from the Latin word Ferrum, and is one of the most useful elements in the world. Iron has: An atomic mass of 55.845 amu Melting point of 1535.0 degree Celsius Boiling point of 2750.0 degree celsius Electric configuration of [Ar] 3d6 4s2 Density of 7.86g/cm3 at 20 degree Celsius 26 number of electrons and protons and 30 neutrons Atomic structure of Iron Iron has a cubic crystal structure which is cubic body centered normally and it becomes cubic faced centered when heated up to between 1185K – 1667K. Uses of Iron Iron is the most used metal in the world due to being the fourth most abundant element in the Earth’s crust in addition to having high strength. It is also due to this which makes Iron having a lower cost than most metals in proportion to usefulness. Iron is ductile, relatively soft and a moderately good conductor of heat and electricity. It is used to make many things from screwdrivers to machine parts and automobiles to hulls of large ships. Iron can also be made into many useful compounds such as Iron Chloride, Iron Sulfate, Iron Hydroxide and steel. Iron can also be easily magnetized and lose it’s magnetism easily, making it suitable for making the core of an electromagnet. Copper (Cu) Copper comes from the Latin word cyprium. Copper has: An atomic mass of 63.546 amu Melting point of 1083.0 degree Celsius Boiling point of 2567.0 degree Celsius Electric configuration [Ar] 3d10 4s1 Density of 8.96g/cm3 at 20 degree Celsius 29 number of electrons and neutrons and 35 neutrons Copper has a cubic-faced centered structure in it’s crystal form. Uses of copper Copper is malleable, ductile and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity with only Silver having a higher electrical conductivity than copper. As a result of it’s excellent electrical conductivity properties, it is commonly used in electrical equipments such as wirings and motors. Copper is also used in roofing, guttering and rainspouts on buildings due to it’s slow corrosion rate. Many commercially important alloys such as brass and bronze contains copper. Furthermore, it can be used for many useful compounds such as copper sulfate and copper oxide. Copper is also an essential element in our body to help enzymes produce energy in cells. Aluminium (Al) Aluminium comes from the latin word alumen. Aluminium has: An atomic mass of 26.981 amu Melting point of 660.37 degree Celsius Boiling point of 2467.0 degree Celsius Electric configuration [Ne] 3s2 3p1 Density of 2.702g/cm3 at 20 degree Celsius 13 number of electrons and neutrons and 14 neutrons Aluminium has a face-centered cubic structure in it’s crystal form. Uses of aluminium Aluminium is a silvery-white metal. It is non-magnetic and an excellent conductor. As a result of it’s low density, low cost, thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance, aluminium is widely used around the world. It can also be easily cast, machined and formed. It is the second most malleable and sixth most ductile metal. Due to these properties, it is extensively used to make airplanes, outside building decoration and in any area where a strong and light material is needed. It also has no aroma compared to many metals therefore it is used for food packaging and cooking utensils. Although not as good as copper, Aluminium is still a good conductor of electricity. Because of this and also that it is heaper and lighter it is commonly used to make overhead power cables. Gold (Au) The symbol for gold, Au, comes from the Latin word aurum. Gold has: An atomic mass of 196.96 amu Melting point of 1064.43 degree Celsius Boiling point of 2807.0 degree Celsius Electric configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 Density of 19.32g/cm3 at 20 degree Celsius 79 number of electrons and neutrons and 118 neutrons Gold has a lattice faced centered structure in it’s crystal form. Uses of gold It is a soft, yellow metal with a beautiful lustrous sheen. It is the most malleable and ductile of all the elements and a single gram can be beaten into a one square meter sheet of gold leaf. Gold is widely used in jewelry and coinage. It is also used in dental work as crowns, as gold platings for decoration and as gold thread in embroidery work. Nearly 80% of all recycled or mined gold is intended for ornamental use. Many satellites carry gold-covered mylar sheets as a solar heat shield because gold is an excellent reflector of radiation and is unreactive. Gold is also widely used in microelectric circuits to ensure reliable, corrosion-resistant and static-free performance. Mercury (Hg) The symbol for mercury, Hg, comes from the Latin word Hydrargyrum. Mercury exists in the liquid state at room temperature. Mercury has: An atomic mass of 200.59 amu Melting point of -38.87 degree Celsius Boiling point of 356.58 degree Celsius Electric configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 Density of 13.456g/cm3 at 20 degree Celsius 80 number of electrons and neutrons and 121 neutrons Mercury has a rhombohedral structure in it’s crystal form. Uses of Mercury Mercury is a dense, silvery-white, poisonous metal with a mirror like appearance. It is the only common metal to be in liquid state and evaporates slowly at room temperature. Mercury can readily form alloys (called amalgams) with other metals such as silver and gold. Since it does not react in iron, mercury is often stored in iron containers. Due to it’s high density, mercury is used in barometers and manometers. It is extensively used in thermometers thanks to it’s high rate of thermal expansion that is fairly constant over a wide temperature range. It’s ease with almagating with metals is made use of in extracting them from their ores. Mercury is widely used in advertising signs, mercury switches and other electrical apparatus. Various compounds of mercury are used in medicine, dentistry, cosmetics and also in agriculture to make fungicide. Platinum (Pt) The name Platinum comes from the Latin word Platina. Platinum has: An atomic mass of 195.078 amu Melting point of 1772.0 degree Celsius Boiling point of 3827 degree Celsius Electric configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1 Density of 21.45g/cm3 at 20 degree Celsius 78 number of electrons and neutrons and 117 neutrons Platinum has a face centered cubic structure in it’s crystal form. Uses of Platinum Platinum is a precious metal; soft, silvery-white, and dense with a beautiful lustrous sheen. It is malleable and ductile and has a high melting point. Platinum does not oxidize in air even in high temperatures and is unaffected by common acids. Platinum is widely used as a catalyst for chemical reactions with the most important use in vehicles as a catalytic converter. Platinum is also used in jewelry, decoration and dental work. The metal and it’s alloys are also used for electrical contacts, fine resistance wires and medical/laboratory instruments. It can also be used to make electrodes sealed in glass. Bibliography http://www.usesof.net/ http://www.chemicalelements.com/index.html http://www.lookchem.com/ http://www.rsc.org/ http://www.lenntech.com/index.htm 1 | Page

Inherit the WInd Essay -- Film, Paramount Pictures

It has come to my attention that you are in search of another potential Oscar-winning role. With your eminent success in the 1988 film, Inherit the Wind, for which you were nominated for an Oscar award, I have found it most appropriate to search for a role in the same genre. With that being said, I had Paramount Pictures fax over role opportunities for their upcoming project, the film adaption of Henrik Ibsen’s play, An Enemy of the People. Paramount’s casting manager believes that you will be a perfect fit for the main role as Dr. Thomas Stockmann, and I could not agree more. Throughout the play, Dr. Thomas Stockmann and his immediate family counters their entire town to expose the truth about contaminated water at the town’s â€Å"medical† baths. Although the townspeople reject the truth, Dr. Stockmann refuses to give up, and this brings great trouble to him and his family. This complex character embodies the playwright’s message—although w hat is right may go against what the majority wants or believes, it must not be hidden, but defended. As Ibsen shows the struggles that Dr. Stockmann and his family experience while exposing the truth, he is able to criticize democracy by illustrating the tyrannies that can arise out of it. The actions of Dr. Stockmann and his family make this play exceedingly powerful and expose human flaws to the audience, which I am certain will make for an excellent Oscar-award winning film. Allow me now to further describe the role of Dr. Stockmann and his significance in the play. Mr. Douglas, in order to illustrate the significance of Dr. Stockmann’s role, I feel it is necessary to first provide you with a few important points about the time period in which Henrik Ibsen wrote his play. The Norwegian playw... ...d maintain his reputation, or is it what he truly thinks of the film. I think the film adaption of An Enemy of the People will compel people to question certain aspects of their societies, and hopefully convince them to reveal the truths regardless if it goes against the majority. Mr. Douglas, I truly hope that I have convinced you to accept the role of Dr. Stockmann, such a determined and dynamic character. Ibsen’s message is so powerful, that it should not only be confined in a play, but also in a film. I am certain the film will gain a great amount of interest from the public, and be nominated for an Oscar. Many independent, reliable, and respected critics have also reviewed the script and consider this film to be one that will almost certainly top the box offices around the world. Please do not hesitate to contact my agency if you have any further questions.

The Major Causes of Students Dropping Out

Major Causes of Students Dropping Out There are four major causes of students dropping out of school: a. The child him/herself b. The family situation c. The community they live in d. The school environment In order to prevent students from dropping out of school, we must attack the causes listed above. Some of them are out of our control. For example, we cannot address the community they live in or in most cases, their family situation. But we can address the choices they make and the school environment. One of the ways of doing so is for educators to ask a serious of tough questions. More) How inviting a classroom environment is there for the student? Are the walls painted in â€Å"happy colors†? or are they drab institutional gray or green? Are your bulletin boards filled with student work, left blank or with commercial advertisements? Are all students encouraged to learn? Has the school created different classes for students – those designed to pass and those design ed to fail? Those who will go on to college and those who will drop out. What role can you, as a classroom instructor, play in overcoming this paradigm? How many students start in your school or system, graduate?Does the school track their progress through the system? Are â€Å"safety nets†? built in for those who are identified as at-risk? What â€Å"pillars†? support these safety nets? Are you one of these safety nets? Do you know how to get additional assistance in helping students graduate? (Is there additional counseling, mentoring, after school learning activities, service-learning projects designed to connect school to the world of work? As you track, is the largest reason for kids leaving school, â€Å"miscellaneous† How many students who dropouts are actually pushed out? (Students who are told, by word or action, â€Å"I do not want you in my class†? r â€Å"I don’t need you in my school. †? ) How close to graduation are students wh o dropout? Do they need one credit or ten? What has the school done to help them make up the credit? What role can you, as a classroom instructor, play in overcoming this paradigm? What is done to support the â€Å"psychological†? dropout – the child who is physically in the school but mentally is miles away. What role can you, as a classroom instructor, play in overcoming this paradigm? †¢ . Because classes were not interesting For many students, the material in the classes they're taking seem so far removed from daily life that it's hard to see the point.Many say this is one primary reason they decide to leave school before graduation. †¢ 2. Not motivated Beyond not connecting with the material, many students aren't given the encouragement and support they need to feel motivated to study and learn. Without motivation — and with plenty of other pressures pushing in — they lose the focus school requires. †¢ 3. Got a job The need to work whi le attending school is an unavoidable reality for many students, and once the job's requirement for hours starts making attendance at school difficult, the job often wins. †¢ 4.Became a parent Being a parent is a job in itself — and for many students in high school with children, it's impossible to reconcile having kids with getting a degree. †¢ 5. To care for a family member Like raising a child, taking care of a sick or aging relative is a big job, and one that sadly can make life difficult for even the most dedicated potential graduates. Dropping Out: Cause and Effect Dropping out of high school is an issue faced by many teens today. It results from a few main common causes, one is often a lack of involvement in extra-curricular activities.Another revolves around the parents not being forceful in demanding that their children commit to staying in school. A third cause is the absence of effort exerted by students to be successful in their studies. Why do teenagers lose their interest in school? When students are not successful with their studies it often starts a negative downward spiral in their commitment to school. When they feel less positive about school they generally are less interested in extra-curricular activities – sports, music, and clubs. For many students, it is their success in extra-curricular activities that fuels their desire to remain in school.If students have no success in either academic or extra-curricular activities they have no incentives to go to school. Consequently, they have no attachment to their school. Too many parentsare not firm enough with their children and their education. Parents fail to impress upon their children the importance of remaining in school and that dropping out is detrimental to their future. Sometimes teens drop out because of a lack of fear instilled into them by their parents; many teens have little or no parental supervision. Coupled with a lack of communication skills between par ents and teens, the result can be a lack of involvement with school.There is an absence of effort put forth by many of today's students. They seem quite lackadaisical and have no discipline when it comes to their studies. Continual failure is often a prescription for tremendous overload and stress. It tends to amount to the self-fulfilling prophecy of dropping out; which may feel like their only escape. It can be prevented however. Selling teens on the benefits of staying in school requires continual effort and a great expenditure of time. Parents have to be more in tune with their children's†¦

The Constitution of India is a Role Model for The World - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1051 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/06 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Role Model Essay Did you like this example? The ancient India burden has a republic system here the Republic of Malva and Lichivi existed. At that time the councils and committees were working with local citizens like todays local governments. It is our reputation for bringing our loose India into communal form and making it again a secular republic state. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Constitution of India is a Role Model for The World" essay for you Create order The leaders and the constitution are credited to the creators. The concepts of the republic are democratic values and it is the source of the Constitution to make it through them liberty, equality and fraternity of Idealistic principles. India has the void World is richer constitution. It is composed of a team of skilled experts. It will liberate India from foreigners and liberate them and that is why we have sovereignty. This Constitution emphasizes the integrity, harmony and unity of the country. Everybody teaches the whole community, including free opportunity and equality philosophy policies for all Indians. It is important to note that, as a whole, people, teachers, culture and scholarships can be used to make a difference in their lives is here. The Constitution is all set to mobilize and ridicule all these things.A constitutional assembly was euphemism for the creation of a sustainable sample of its own to be released by foreigners. Following this, the 1946 Cabinet delegation granted the Constitution of India an open opportunity to the Indians. From the provincial governments of the 296, 93 from princely States people are nominated to the Constituent Assembly. But since Pakistan was partitioned, it was finally 31 December 1947 with provincial governments 229 and 70 people from princely States with total 299 people Receives representation from various communities and enters in to the constituent assembly.The magnificent way in which Dr. Ambedkar piloted the Constitution bill in the Constituent Assembly of India revealed the depth of knowledge of Constitutions of the various countries and firm grasp of the political and Constitutional principles. The talent and ability which Dr.Ambedkar showed as the Chief Archiect of our Constitution crowned his work as a constitutional authority of world fame. He emerged as a great constitution-maker of our times in the Constituent Assembly of India from 09th December 1946 to 26 th January 1950.The Constituent Assembly of India constituted various prime sub-committees to facilitate various factions and the Constitution. Ambedkars presided over a drafting committee comprising of N.Gopalaswamy ayingar, Alladi krishnaswamy aiyar, K.M.Munsi, Mohammad saddle, B.L.Mithar and D.P.Khethan 07 members. Members of this committee are DP Chakan and B.L. Mittar was on the died. N.Madhavarav and T.T.Krishnamacari was appointed to his position.Writing a constitution was a rational emphasis on the ongoing issues. This is the case where Ambedkars faced this dilemma. But without the equality, Ambedkar was in the forefront of the challenge to bring the equality in the political system to the first person in the history. For this reason the power of the Constitution of India is still important.For the first time in the history of the whole world, the Indian constitution was ideal for the world. On December 09, 1946, the task of creating an independent constitution of the Constitution of India was initiated. The House of Representatives adopted a draft dowry on November 26, 1947 and these days, which came into being on J anuary 26, 1950, in the history of New India are important.The Constituent Assembly of India consists of eleven sessions. Its first six sessions are to approve the decisions of the objectives, and the Fundamental Rights, Federation, Provincial Constitution, Minorities, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes; the verification process is based on the reports submitted as per the terms. The other session is entirely dedicated to resaved draft constitution. These eleven sessions took place in 165 days. At 114 days a draft resolution was taken by the constitution.Ambedkar was unanimously elected as president of drafting committee on 29 August 1947 by the assembly. 30, August, 1947, taken to draft to 114 days. By the end of the draft, 395 articles and 08 schedules were prepared. Around 7635 amendments were listed for amendment. Of these, 2473 amendments were forwarded to discuses in front of the house. The draft constitution was left to public opinion from February to November 1949. It further strengthens of the constitution. Dr. Ambedkar said; The Constitution of India is composed of 2 years 11 Months and 17 Days, as January 26, 1950 is implemented. The role of Ambedkar in the Constituent Assembly is also important. Constitutional, parliamentary and judicial sovereignty it is sublime. These are the active driving and life is alive of our Constitution. The Supreme Cour t refers to the scholarly discussions presented by Ambedkar in the constitution discussions in his judgment. For example, in the Mandal Commissions decision, the words of Ambedkar used to be based on the guarantees of the minority community. The concept of their favourite Rule of Law has in important of the fundamental rights of the Constitution.Many constitutional experts from the world have been able to give the constitution as a successfully result of deep study of writings, judicial decisions, history, economic, social and religious systems. Ambedkar worked alone in the drafting committee. Ambedkar was one of the members of the drafting committee at the constituent assembly meeting on November 05, 1948, T.T.Krinshamacari said; I am one of those in the House who have listened to Dr. Ambedkar very carefully. I am aware of the amount of work and enthusiasm that he has brought to bear on the work of drafting this Constitution. At the same time, idorealise that amount of attention that was necessary for the purpose of to it by the Drafting Committee. The House is perhaps aware that of the se ven members nominated by you, one had resigned from the House and was replaced. One died and was not replaced. One was away in America and his place was not filled up and another person was engaged in State affairs, and there was a void to that extent. One or two people were far away from Delhi and perhaps reasons of health did not permit them to attend. So it happened ultimately no doubt that we are grateful to him for having achieved this task in a manner which is undoubtedly commendable. But my point really is that the attention that was due to a matter like this has not been given to it by the Committee as a whole. The words Ambedkar will be honourable for the performance of the Constitution.